Bradford Factor Calculator
Calculate the Bradford Factor (B = S² × D) to assess absence frequency patterns. This metric emphasizes how often someone is absent rather than total days, helping identify patterns that may disrupt operations or need support.
Last updated: January 2026
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Number of separate absence spells/instances in the period (typically 52 weeks).
Total number of days absent across all spells in the same period.
Result
Bradford Factor (B)
2,000
B = S² × D = 10² × 20
Spells absent (S)
10
Days absent (D)
20
Very high Bradford factor — immediate action may be needed.
Understanding Bradford Factor Scores
Typical action
No action needed
Typical action
Informal discussion
Typical action
Formal management
Typical action
Immediate review
Quick Example
If an employee is absent 10 times for 20 total days:
Calculation: 10² × 20 = 100 × 20 = 2,000
How the Bradford Factor Works
The Bradford Factor is based on the idea that frequent short absences disrupt operations more than fewer longer absences. The squared term in the formula (S²) means that frequency has a strong impact on the score.
Formula
B = S² × DWhere B is Bradford Factor, S is number of spells absent, and D is total days absent.
Example comparison
Consider three employees, each absent 20 days total:
- Employee A: 1 spell of 20 days → B = 1² × 20 = 20 (low)
- Employee B: 2 spells of 10 days each → B = 2² × 20 = 80 (moderate)
- Employee C: 10 spells of 2 days each → B = 10² × 20 = 2,000 (very high)
Even though total days are the same, Employee C’s frequent absences score much higher because the formula penalizes frequency.
Important considerations
The Bradford Factor is a tool, not a decision-maker. Always consider:
- Reasons for absence (medical, family, etc.)
- Planned vs unplanned absences
- Individual circumstances and support needs
- Legal requirements and company policies
- Other performance and engagement indicators
Frequently Asked Questions
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